Exendin-4螺旋结构对生物活性及稳定性的影响

针对Exendin-4的螺旋结构特点, 采用去掉螺旋序列、 用3个连续Ala替换螺旋以及Gln13替换为Tyr13的方式对N端α-螺旋及C端α-螺旋进行改造, 设计出4个结构模拟物. 通过圆二光谱和荧光光谱进行结构分析, 结合模拟物生物活性实验, 分析Exendin-4螺旋结构与生物活性的关系. 结果表明：  Exendin-4的N端螺旋比C端螺旋对生物活性影响更大； 在抗二肽基肽酶（DPPⅣ酶）的稳定性实验中, C端螺旋比N端螺旋具有更好维系Exendin-4稳定性的作用； 螺旋结构中Tyr13可作为提高Exendin-4生物活性的重要优化位点.     

2020年细胞力学热点回眸

 概述了2020年细胞力学研究的热点和进展，探讨了细胞膜表面张力、细胞粘附力、细胞弹性模量、细胞与纳米颗粒相对刚度等对细胞生物学行为的影响及其在疾病诊疗中的应用。     

基于极化单脉冲雷达扩展目标角度估计方法

当单脉冲雷达受到箔条质心干扰时, 将视为波束内存在两个不可分辨的目标, 由于目标和箔条干扰回波混叠耦合, 导致单脉冲测角偏差, 最终致使目标跟踪丢失。对此, 利用宽带单脉冲雷达测角精度高的优点和极化信息, 提出一种基于极化单脉冲雷达的扩展目标角度估计方法。首先，分析宽带单脉冲雷达体制下箔条质心干扰的特点, 给出扩展目标双极化和差信号模型。然后, 根据和、差通道极化回波信号, 通过联立方程组, 估计出目标和箔条干扰的到达角(angle of arrival, AOA), 为后续利用目标角度信息跟踪目标提供条件。最后，通过蒙特卡罗仿真实验分析关键参数对目标角度估计性能的影响, 并与传统单脉冲雷达体制的测角方法进行比较。理论分析和仿真实验表明, 在质心干扰条件下, 宽带单脉冲雷达估计目标AOA的性能要优于传统单脉冲雷达。     

王安忆创作主题的多元呈现

王安忆的创作风格跟随时代的变化而发生变化,将王安忆作品与社会文化背景相结合,从“雯雯系列”、寻根文学、先锋文学、女性文学、城市文学五个主题的变化中,既体现出对潮流的追随,又执着地坚守着自己的本心。她的创作不仅是自我的突破,而且真实地反映了时代的变迁。     

新中国成立以来专利统计分析

 从授权专利的角度，综合专利的数量和专利的质量，采用时间序列分析方法，还原了中国专利发展走过的“从无到有的发展之路，从慢到快的升级之路，从弱到强的转型之路”。1949年新中国成立后，尚无相关的专利法规法律，更无从谈起专利数量。直到1984年，《中华人民共和国专利法》正式推出，表明中国的专利制度初步形成。1985年中国有了正式的授权专利，其数量为54项，2000年授权量突破万项，到2009年授权量超过10万项，再到2012年授权量突破20万项，现在中国专利的年授权量已经突破了40万项。从1989-2008年的20年，中国大陆的专利比例常年低于50%，其专利主导强度也持续低于1，甚至在1999-2003间，专利主导强度仅有0.51。从2009年始，中国大陆的专利比例开始持续增长，且在2014-2018年间上升到75.48%，其专利主导强度也增长到了3.08。     

根的存在定理的推广及其应用

众所周知，在《数学分析》中会遇到连续函数的一个重要定理，即根的存在定理，此定理对方程根的存在性判别起着重要作用.将这方面已有的定理进行推广，并用例题说明其应用情况.     

农村厨余垃圾处理的特征性技术：问题及改进途径

 厨余垃圾已成为法定分类处理的垃圾组分。农村厨余垃圾产生点分散，适合就近处理和产物就地利用，实现有机质还田和植物养分循环。因此，农村厨余垃圾的处理方式区别于城市。中国通过实践已形成了一系列特征性的农村厨余垃圾处理技术。采用实地调查的方法，结合技术原理，分析了这些处理技术存在的原料预处理、转化条件和产物利用问题，提出了针对性改进建议。     

I ain’t afraid of no ghost

This paper criticizes the traditional philosophical account of the quantization of gauge theories and offers an alternative. On the received view, gauge theories resist quantization because they feature distinct mathematical representatives of the same physical state of affairs. This resistance is overcome by a sequence of ad hoc modifications, justified in part by reference to semiclassical electrodynamics. Among other things, these modifications introduce ”ghosts”: particles with unphysical properties which do not appear in asymptotic states and which are said to be purely a notational convenience. I argue that this sequence of modifications is unjustified and inadequate, making it a poor basis for the interpretation of ghosts. I then argue that gauge theories can be quantized by the same method as any other theory. On this account, ghosts are not purely notation: they are coordinates on the classical configuration space of the theory—specifically, on its gauge structure. This interpretation does not fall prey to the standard philosophical arguments against the significance of ghosts, due to Weingard. Weingard’s argumentative strategy, properly applied, in fact tells in favor of ghosts’ physical significance.     

Ordinary language philosophy,explanation, and the historical turn in philosophy of science

Taking a cue from remarks Thomas Kuhn makes in 1990 about the historical turn in philosophy of science, I examine the history of history and philosophy of science within parts of the British philosophical context in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, ordinary language philosophy's influence was at its peak. I argue that the ordinary language philosophers' methodological recommendation to analyze actual linguistic practice influences several prominent criticisms of the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation and that these criticisms relate to the historical turn in philosophy of science. To show these connections, I primarily examine the work of Stephen Toulmin, who taught at Oxford from 1949 to 1954, and Michael Scriven, who completed a dissertation on explanation under Gilbert Ryle and R.B. Braithwaite in 1956. I also consider Mary Hesse's appeal to an ordinary language-influenced account of meaning in her account of the role of models and analogies in scientific reasoning, and W.H. Watson's Wittgensteinian philosophy of science, an early influence on Toulmin. I think there are two upshots to my historical sketch. First, it fills out details of the move away from logical positivism to more historical- and practice-focused philosophies of science. Second, questions about linguistic meaning and the proper targets and aims of philosophical analysis are part and parcel of the historical turn, as well as its reception. Looking at the philosophical background during which so-called linguistic philosophers also had a hand in bringing these questions to prominence helps us understand why.     

Divergence of values and goals in participatory research

Public participation in scientific research has gained prominence in many scientific fields, but the theory of participatory research is still limited. In this paper, we suggest that the divergence of values and goals between academic researchers and public participants in research is key to analyzing the different forms this research takes. We examine two existing characterizations of participatory research: one in terms of public participants' role in the research, the other in terms of the virtues of the research. In our view, each of these captures an important feature of participatory research but is, on its own, limited in what features it takes into account. We introduce an expanded conception of norms of collaboration that extends to both academic researchers and public participants. We suggest that satisfying these norms requires consideration of the two groups' possibly divergent values and goals, and that a broad characterization of participatory research that starts from participants' values and goals can motivate both public participants’ role in the research and the virtues of the research. The resulting framework clarifies the similarities and differences among participatory projects and can help guide the responsible design of such projects.